Rapid transmission of SARS-2 among Individuals - A Mini Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37978/pjsm.v1i4.300Keywords:
SARS Cov 2, transmission, disease outbreaks, virus replication, genome, quarantinneAbstract
The coronavirus disease emerged at the end of 2019 from Wuhan, China, and ultimately resulted in pandemic. It is a single positive-sense RNA virus spreading from person to person through contact in any form. Bats are the natural hosts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. SARS-CoV-2 has the largest genome as compared to all RNA virus present so far. Spike proteins are responsible for their entrance into the human body. Social distancing and quarantine resulted in the best possible prevention for the less transmission of coronavirus. We performed a narrative review to describe its origin, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, social implications, future possibilities, treatment, and vaccination.
References
Iqbal MR. COVID-19 Pandemic: How, When and Where?: Muhammad Rafaih Iqbal. Pakistan J Surg Med. 2020;1(2):127–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37978/pjsm.v1i2.173
Yin Y, Wunderink RG. MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology. 2018 Feb;23(2):130–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13196
Brian DA, Baric RS. Coronavirus genome structure and replication. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2005;287:1–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26765-4_1
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb;382(8):727–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
Bourgonje AR, Abdulle AE, Timens W, Hillebrands J-L, Navis GJ, Gordijn SJ, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Pathol. 2020 Jul;251(3):228–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/path.5471
Ali MAF, Amjad I, Ayaz Ali A. COVID-19 and H1N1 – The two pandemics and their consequences on human life: A Mini-Review. Pakistan J Surg Med [Internet]. 2020 Oct 15;1(3 SE-):e186. Available from: https://publie.frontierscienceassociates.com.pk/index.php/pjsm/article/view/186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37978/pjsm.v1i3.186
Medicine TLR. COVID-19 transmission up in the air. Lancet Respir Med [Internet]. 2020 Dec 1;8(12):1159. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30514-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30514-2
Schwartz DA, Thomas KM. Characterizing COVID-19 maternal-fetal transmission and placental infection using comprehensive molecular pathology. EBioMedicine. 2020 Oct;60:102983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102983
Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus. J Virol. 2020 Mar;94(7). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00127-20
Xia S, Zhu Y, Liu M, Lan Q, Xu W, Wu Y, et al. Fusion mechanism of 2019-nCoV and fusion inhibitors targeting HR1 domain in spike protein. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020 Jul;17(7):765–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0374-2
Yu F, Du L, Ojcius DM, Pan C, Jiang S. Measures for diagnosing and treating infections by a novel coronavirus responsible for a pneumonia outbreak originating in Wuhan, China. Microbes Infect. 2020 Mar;22(2):74–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2020.01.003
Sawicki SG, Sawicki DL. Coronavirus transcription: a perspective. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2005;287:31–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26765-4_2
Hussain S, Pan J, Chen Y, Yang Y, Xu J, Peng Y, et al. Identification of novel subgenomic RNAs and noncanonical transcription initiation signals of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol. 2005 May;79(9):5288–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.9.5288-5295.2005
Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol. 2020 Apr;5(4):562–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y
Millet JK, Whittaker GR. Host cell proteases: Critical determinants of coronavirus tropism and pathogenesis. Virus Res. 2015 Apr;202:120–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.021
Simmons G, Gosalia DN, Rennekamp AJ, Reeves JD, Diamond SL, Bates P. Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Aug;102(33):11876–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0505577102
de Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016 Aug;14(8):523–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81
WHO. Pneumonia of unknown cause – China [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 10]. Available from: https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/
Agostini M, Andres E, Sims A, Graham R, Sheahan T, Lu X, et al. Coronavirus Susceptibility to the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease. MBio. 2018 Mar 6;9:e00221-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00221-18
Li G, De Clercq E. Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Vol. 19, Nature reviews. Drug discovery. England; 2020. p. 149–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41573-020-00016-0
Mohsen MO, Gomes AC, Vogel M, Bachmann MF. Interaction of Viral Capsid-Derived Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) with the Innate Immune System. Vaccines. 2018 Jul;6(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines6030037
Gillim-Ross L, Subbarao K. Emerging respiratory viruses: challenges and vaccine strategies. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006 Oct;19(4):614–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00005-06
Hanley KA. The double-edged sword: How evolution can make or break a live-attenuated virus vaccine. Evolution (N Y). 2011 Dec;4(4):635–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-011-0365-y
Enjuanes L, Dediego ML, Alvarez E, Deming D, Sheahan T, Baric R. Vaccines to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-induced disease. Virus Res. 2008 Apr;133(1):45–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2007.01.021
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Author
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
Under CC-BY Liscence, you are free to
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
- for any purpose, even commercially.
Please cite the author everytime you share. Thank You